Medical laboratory tests help doctors detect, diagnose and monitor different diseases and health conditions. The appropriate test depends on the patient's symptoms, medical history and clinical examination. Some conditions may require more than one laboratory or diagnostic test for confirmation. Common Diseases and Diagnostic Tests Disease / Condition Common Diagnostic Test(s) Diabetes mellitus Blood glucose, HbA1c Anaemia Complete Blood Count (CBC), Hemoglobin Malaria Peripheral blood smear, malaria antigen test Dengue NS1 antigen, IgM/IgG antibody tests Typhoid fever Blood culture and other tests as advised Tuberculosis Sputum examination, molecular tests Urinary tract infection Urine alysis, urine culture Kidney disease Serum creatinine, urea, eGFR, urinalysis Liver disease Liver Function Tests (LFT) Thyroid disorders TSH, T3, T4 Iron deficiency Hemoglobin, serum ferritin and iron studies Hepatitis B HBsAg and other hepatitis B markers Hepatitis C Anti-HCV antibody and HCV RNA testing HIV infection HIV screening and confirmatory testing as per guidelines Important Note A laboratory test alone may not always confirm a disease. Test results should be interpreted by a qualified healthcare professional along with symptoms, medical history and other clinical findings. Patients should not self-diagnose or start treatment based only on laboratory results. Understanding the purpose of common laboratory tests can help people become more aware of their health and communicate better with healthcare professionals. Early and appropriate testing can support timely diagnosis and treatment.