Management	Activity
Pre-sowing
	Common cultural practices: Timely sowing should be done. Field sanitation. Destroy the alternate host plants Plant tall border crops like pearl millet, sorghum for the management of aphids and whitefly. Adopt ecological engineering by growing the recommended attractant, repellent, and trap crops around the field bunds.
Nutrients	Get the soil sample tested and apply nutrients based on soil test report. Soil is brought to fine tilth by 2-3 ploughing with harrow or plough. Incorporate 4 to 5 tonnes of Farm Yard Manure per acre in soil 2-3 weeks before sowing.
Weeds	Solarisation of soil during summer reduces weed infestation.
Sowing
	Common cultural practices: Timely and line sowing should be done Use healthy, certified and weed free seeds. Sow with proper spacing
Nutrients	Fertilizers should be applied on soil test basis
Weeds	Always use certified and weed free seeds. Timely sowing should be done. Line sowing should be done to facilitate inter-culture operations. Plant population should be maintained to its optimum right from its beginning to minimize the crop weed competition
Vegetative stage
	Common cultural practices: Collect and destroy diseased and insect infested plant parts. Provide irrigation at critical stages of the crop Avoid water stress and water stagnation conditions. Common mechanical practices: Collection and destruction of eggs, early stage larvae and adult beetles of white grub. Use yellow sticky traps for aphids and whitefly. Use light trap @ 1/acre and operate between 6 pm and 10 pm Common biological practices: Conserve natural enemies through ecological engineering Augmentative release of natural enemies
Nutrients	Correct micronutrient deficiency if any in standing crop. Seed treatment of Thiourea @ 500 ppm in light soils. Foliar application of Thiourea @500ppm solution twice in standing crops
Weeds	Keep field boundary & bunds free from weeds. The crop field should be weed free initially for 3-4 weeks. Inter-culture operation/hoeing should be done twice at 20 and 35 days after sowing-using hand hoe to remove all weeds in between the row. Mulches like straw, hay, plastic, etc. should be used in between the rows to suppress the weed growth
Aphids	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. Cultural control: Apply optimum doses of nitrogen fertilizers Regular field monitoring in the morning hours for monitoring of pests and defender population, barrier crops like pearl millet and sorghum around the field. Biological control: Conserve predators such as ladybird beetles (Cocciniella septumpunctata, Menochilus sexmaculata and Brumoides suturalis.
Root grub	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Biological control: Use Entomopathogenic nematodes
Whitefly	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Biological control: Spray neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5%. Spray neem oil @ 1%
Spotted pod borer	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices. Cultural control: Inter cropping are found to be effective. Collect and destroy the larvae. Keep the field weed free in the initial 25-40 days through intercultural operations and hand weeding
Pod bugs	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Biological control: Aggregation pheromone traps are widely used as a monitoring tool and partial control measure
Fusarium wilt	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices
Mung bean Yellow mosaic virus	Follow common mechanical and biological practices Cultural practices: All the infected plants should be removed carefully and destroyed. Control the whitefly
Bacterial leaf spot/blight	Follow common mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: Use disease free and certified seeds.
Charcoal rot or ashy stem blight	Follow common mechanical and biological practices Cultural control: All the infected plants should be removed carefully and destroyed. Follow intercropping cropping system (Mothbean: Sesame) (1:1 ratio). Irrigate field every two weeks to avoid stress contitions
Reproductive stage
Nutrients	Incorporate crop residues in soil immediately after harvest
Weeds	Remove left over weeds to prevent weed seed spread in field.
Pod bugs	Follow common cultural, mechanical and biological practices Biological control: Aggregation pheromone traps are widely used as a monitoring tool and partial control measure.
Spotted pod borer	Same as in vegetative stage

Source: NIPHM, and Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage

Diet in Kidney Diseases

Diet in Kidney Diseases