Issues related to women empowerment in India

Women empowerment initiatives

• The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles. The Constitution not only grants equality to women, but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women.
• Within the framework of a democratic polity, our laws, development policies, Plans and programmes have aimed at women’s advancement in different spheres. From the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-78) onwards has been a marked shift in the approach to women’s issues from welfare to development. In recent years, the empowerment of women has been recognized as the central issue in determining the status of women. The National Commission for Women was set up by an Act of Parliament in 1990 to safeguard the rights and legal entitlements of women. The 73rd and 74th Amendments (1993) to the Constitution of India have provided for reservation of seats in the local bodies of Panchayats and Municipalities for women, laying a strong foundation for their participation in decision making at the local levels.
• India has also ratified various international conventions and human rights instruments committing to secure equal rights of women. Key among them is the ratification of the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in 1993.
• The Mexico Plan of Action (1975), the Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies (1985), the Beijing Declaration as well as the Platform for Action (1995) and the Outcome Document adopted by the UNGA Session on Gender Equality and Development & Peace for the 21st century, titled "Further actions and initiatives to implement the Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action" have been unreservedly endorsed by India for appropriate follow up.
• The Government of India attempted to gender sensitise the Budget initially through the Women’s Component Plan (by state governments also) and then more intensively with Gender Responsive Budgeting institutionalized through the Gender Budget Statement published every year since 2005 ‐ 2006 with the Union Budget (in some states as well). This highlights the budgetary allocations for 100 percent women specific programmes (Part A) and those programmes in which at least 30 percent flows to women (Part B) in the annual expenditure budget.
• The women’s movement and a wide-spread network of non-Government Organisations which have strong grass-roots presence and deep insight into women’s concerns have contributed in inspiring initiatives for the empowerment of women.

Gender disparity

• However, there still exists a wide gap between the goals enunciated in the Constitution, legislation, policies, plans, programmes, and related mechanisms on the one hand and the situational reality of the status of women in India, on the other. This has been analyzed extensively in the Report of the High level Committee on the Status of Women in India, 2015.
• Gender disparity manifests itself in various forms, the most obvious being the trend of continuously declining female ratio in the population in the last few decades. Social stereotyping, violence at the domestic and societal levels, acute wage differentials and discrimination and continuing commodification in society are some of the other manifestations. Migration, skewed sex ratio, environmental degradation have added to the women’s vulnerability
• The underlying causes of gender inequality are related to social and economic structure, which is based on informal and formal norms, and practices.
• Consequently, the access of women particularly those belonging to weaker sections including Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes/ Other backward Classes and minorities, majority of whom are in the rural areas and in the informal, unorganized sector – to education, health and productive resources, among others, is inadequate. Therefore, they remain largely marginalized, poor and socially excluded.
• The government has recognised these paradoxes and attempted to address these in policies, legislation and programmes. Development programmes introduced to bring gender equality have produced mixed results. Legislative changes have faced resistance in their implementation due to social, cultural and religious mores.

Source : Report of the High Level Committee on Status of Women in India 2015

Vulnerable, marginalised and Women in difficult circumstances

The following girls/women are considered as vulnerable and marginalised and in difficult circumstances.

Women Impacted by Violence

• Domestic violence
• Rape victims
• Women in trafficking
• Women suffer under witch-hunting
• Acid attacking

• Either for economic reasons
• Conflict e.g. refugee women
• Women who have been displaced because of SEZ, building of dams etc,
• Women impacted by natural or manmade disasters

• Domestic labour
• Bonded labour
• Destitute women who are homeless

• Land less women
• Marginal farmers
• Agricultural workers

• Women affected by HIV/ AIDS
• Women suffering from life threatening diseases
• Women with Disabilities
• lderly Women

• Women belonging to Ethnic and Religious Minorities (especially Muslims)
• Women belonging to Socially Backward Communities (SC, ST,OBC)

• Adolescent Girls
• Widows
• Women whose husbands are missing due to Conflict
• Migrant women (Economic Migration)
• Divorcee Women
• Unmarried Women
• Unwed Mothers

The above categories of women find themselves more vulnerable on account of their unique social, cultural circumstances or because they are victims of violence or abuse. These groups require special interventions to address their needs.

Source : NMEW